1) The concept of sovereignty refers to the supreme authority and power of a state to govern itself, make decisions, and control its own territory without interference from external forces.

2) The Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 divided Africa among European powers and set the stage for the colonization of the continent.

3) Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) allow individuals to perform banking transactions, such as withdrawing cash, outside of traditional bank branches.

4) Insurance premiums are the payments made by policyholders to insurance companies in exchange for coverage.